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1. Á¶¸£Á¶ ¾Æ°¨º¥, ¡ºÀ¯¾Æ±â¿Í ¿ª»ç-°æÇèÀÇ Æı«¿Í ¿ª»çÀÇ ±Ù¿ø¡», »õ¹°°á, 2010, 51-52ÂÊ
2. ÀÓÁöÇö, ¡¸ÀÏ»óÀû ÆĽÃÁòÀÇ ÄÚµå Àб⡹, ¡º¿ì¸® ¾ÈÀÇ ÆĽÃÁò¡», ÀÓÁöÇö ¿Ü(°øÀú), µµ¼ÃâÆÇ »ïÀÎ, 2000, 20ÂÊ
3. À§ÀÇ Ã¥, 29ÂÊ
4. ·ò½º À̸®°¡·¹, ¡º»ç¶ûÀÇ ±æ¡», µ¿¹®¼±, 2009, 64ÂÊ
Park, Jihye
The Violence of the Familiar
Hyun Jung / Art Critic
0. Media as a Symptom
By analyzing the relationship between cinema and speed, Paul Virilio attempts to reinterpret optical illusion. In a phenomenon he calls Picnolepsie, Virilio suggests optical illusion as a state created by the limitations of awareness, where the senses are awake but there is a momentary lapse in memory. The memory returns after being lost for an instant, but the duration of time is too short to be made aware consciously. Such a lapse in memory is the disruption of the constant, unidirectional time, causing a distortion in the unitary flow of time generally perceived as the past, present, and future. Flipping sequential images through a single direction creates the illusion of movement. We call this phenomenon an optical illusion or phantasm. What makes the reasoning of Virilio distinct is that he defines optical illusion not as a deception of the senses, but rather as undetectable lost moments. In other words, the absence is not a state of nonexistence, but rather the misplacement of existing moments that cannot be seen. The exhibit Sense of Absence is an expression of irony. Jihye Park deliberately makes absent the actual event by showing only the pre and post-event situations. In general, the moment when an event actually occurs is generally never witnessed, hidden in the blind spot of reality. For example the video of the plane crashing into the World Trade Center is one that was viewed by most people in the world but to actually witness the exact moment of collision with eyes wide open is not easy. An event becomes redefined through the description and interpretation of what goes on before and after the moment of occurrence, much like how history is redefined in this manner. An undefined feeling of anxiousness predominates the Sense of Absence exhibit throughout, springing either from the underlying concealed violence or resulting from the after-state of an occurred violence.
-1. Desire & Yearning
The time in the works of Jihye Park moves slower than it does in real time. Capturing only the movements of performers, the video does not specify the actual event in detail, but the sound effects and music abstractly influence and lead the overall emotional state of the work. Sense of Absence investigates the identity of the potential desire that exists within the relationship between human beings and while the work does not portray a distinct event it does exude a rather bizarre sense of psychological unease. In her work The Impure Vacuum (2012), a couple moves together slowly like the circulating figurines in a music box, and is shown on a vertically erect screen. Three additional split screens show the zoomed in images of the differing body sections of the man and woman. Initially, the couple seem to be in love, as if a scene from a wedding, but with time the man straps tight the belt of the woman, while she begins displaying simultaneously ambiguous expressions of both pain and pleasure. The level of desire rises with time but the speed of movements remains constant. As if separated from what is occurring on the next screen over, the three split screens are unresponsive remaining constant. The work invites you to question what senses are indeed absent and what the title The Absence of Senses is referring to. Violence born of the closest of relationships is well concealed from the outside. The multitudinal acts of violence and abuse performed in the name of love only remind us of the aberrations of the psychological constituent called desire. The philosopher Giorgio Agamben points out the imbalance between experience-based knowledge and conceptual reasoning, underlining the fact that reasoning absent of reality still rules over and controls our lives. He makes the analogy saying ¡°that is the desire, or in other words, it is the shadow cast by the fantasy of an unattainable possession and the destruction of experience,¡± explaining that desire and fantasy are interconnected in the realms of classical psychology that has moved away from experience. He is reasoning that the formation process of human relationships is divided into reason, knowledge, concept, and experience. According to him ¡°as long as love resides within the realm of fantasy, desire can never meet its object within the materiality of the object.
The object is actually simply an image, a ¡°new mask¡± of sorts consisting only of the desire, and within such an image or mask everything between subjectiveness and objectiveness, the corporeal and the noncorporeal and the desire and its object becomes obliterated.¡± 1 The theme present throughout Park¡¯s work is exactly such ambiguity of desire. In Park¡¯s Labyrinthos (2013), a relationship is established by the positioning of two video displays. On the vertical screen panel covering one side of the exhibit space, a man playing a pipe is shown. A video with three girls is projected on an entire wall just far enough from the panel. The man donning Middle-Eastern attire seductively plays the pipe looking forward. Viewers meet his gaze while getting glimpses of the movements of the three girls displayed behind the man on the panel. The three girls all dressed in white move in unexplainable ways exchanging glances at each other. The physical space and distance between the girls and the man are filled with sound and music that become another added dimension to the multi-dimensional installation. The innocent movements of the three girls with their naïve gazes and their innocuous white dresses, positioned behind the man making seductive gestures creates an odd sense of anxiety. The space between the two videos and screens seem to suggest the relationship of power between the two subjects (adult-child/desirer-object of desire). The sound/music flowing about the exhibit resembling the Siren¡¯s whistle or Mozart¡¯s Magic Flute (Die Zauberflote) raises the tension level even higher.
¡¾ 1. The Time and Space of Alice
From early on, Park addressed the various psychological aspects and limitations of desire and worked them into her videos. In The Chopped Arm (2008) Park stars in her own work as herself. As all of her female subjects of her work do until now, she is dressed in a princess-like white dress. The persona she represents on video collects severed arms. Judging from the content of the video the arms undoubtedly are those of her lovers. To Park the arm of a lover is not so much an object of sexual desire than it is the symbolic representation of the psychological comfort a man¡¯s arm gives her, an interface for sharing of emotions and communication. In her recent works, other actresses play ¡°her,¡± the main female subject, instead of Park, but the subject is still a representation of Park¡¯s persona. Opposite ¡°her¡± is always a male subject ¡°him.¡± The portrayed relationship of the two subjects is not one of conventional ranks or statuses like male and female, but rather one that is a symbolic representation of the violence caused by desire stemming not from mutual exchange but from a possessive notion, by the person having the stronger desire of the two. In The Sisters I, II (2009) the female subject ¡°she¡± is seen walking into a romantic scenery dragging a large sack. As if walking into a deserted location with the intent of concealing a body, this eerie scene was apparently inspired from the psychological discord between sisters. Park¡¯s work can be seen as a ceremony. The time that it takes to perform the ceremony creates a separate new time from the chronological time of reality. The time slipped from the now immerses us into the vague past, into the abyss of time, and pulls us into a transcendental world of time. The ceremony becomes the event, where the speed and direction of time revolts against the norms and transforms the ceremonial moments into a chaotic, complicated time and space. Following the ceremony, time returns to its ordered state. The chaotic state meant for order is thus the temporality of the ceremony or festival. The world ¡°she¡± lives in is a time and space not of this world – a psychological world where only the concept of time and space reoccurs – a world of mythic level where grammar, order, and norms are entirely overturned.
0+0.Concealed Violence
Park as a video artist, explores relationships and their reciprocality and expresses them through her work. Her contemplations of relationships are not about grandiose relationships, but are about those close to our everyday lives such as dating, love, jealousy, sympathy, etc. The most intimate of relationships are the spatial identities that are infused with unfathomable levels of convention, mythology, and formalities. The seemingly simple person-person meeting ground is actually festered with underlying basic conflicts, a complicated and complex place where innumerous conventions and desires that control individuals collide, exchange, and compromise with the other. The violence that lies concealed in such familiar and close relationships is all the more dangerous because it is masked, and because it is born of intimacy. A form of violence concealed in everyday life, Fascism, is what lead the mid 20th century European intellects to the center stage of reality. ¡°The problem is Fascism as a sophisticated and concealed power mechanism that cleverly manipulates the mind and daily life, making people become voluntarily submissive to an invisible rule that comes to dictate even the most minute detail of their everyday lives. Let¡¯s call this ¡®routine fascism.¡¯ As a system of totalitarianism, routine fascism exists under a different format from Nazism or the Italian fascism. It nonchalantly exists in the ways people think and feel behind the system, in the cultural force of habits shrouded under the name of tradition, and in the existing inexplicable instincts and conflicts.2¡± It was only in recent times that the meaning of everyday routine life began to be in the limelight. Conversations of realism and impressionism discovered its identity but everyday life at the time did not go further than embracing and sketching the changing cities and culture. This changed at the end of the 1960¡¯s when the young intellectuals of Europe began contemplating everyday life from a critical perspective when they exposed the dangers of dictatorial attitudes hidden within it.¡± Everyday life is a marginalized area, shadowed by the abstract myths such as revolution, race, democracy, etc. It is trivial yet steadfast. The regulated and repetitive element that continues to make up everyday life is undoubtedly what we know as the true and ongoing life. To face reality is having to identify the steadfast practices of life that dictate our everyday lives, hidden inside our heads that are dominated by the abstract myths.3¡±
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Is reasoning possible without words? This is what modern philosophy loudly asks us, who still suffer from lack of communication and psychological pain while living in astoundingly civilized and scientific times. According to Luce Irigaray ¡°human beings have pushed forward making culture and history, only to lose more and more of the self with time.¡±4 and she asks while we have fiercely studied the world through the language system, how much what we really know about ourselves? This female philosopher seems to be suggesting we ponder with reason whether we can free ourselves from the ghosts of the past in the likes of language, race, myth, and gender that have continued to confine us despite our best efforts since the modern times to become owners of ourselves. Are we really living ¡°with¡± others? Have we really established communicating, mutual relationships? Irigaray turns our attention to the reality of the presence of domination and confinement in all relationships by retorting that all relationships dominated by language. The existence of poetry to this day is surely not just for the mere purpose of literary descriptions of beautiful landscapes or to prove the wakefulness of the consciousness. Paradoxical as it may, it is the struggle to free ourselves of the linguistic domination, and such is our determination to rid ourselves of the so called psychological, intellectual, and conventional values. While reality of these times are said to be ruled by art and entertainment that blind us with flashy spectacles and vanity, it still may be too early to say that art has given up on the self and study that contemplates about existence against the psychological superiority dictated by language, power, authority, reason, and ideals. Art as such is often defined with exaggeration and instrumentalized. And because of this, artists deliberately move away from standardized ways of expression and formats and opt for the alternative. They offer not solutions but compel deep contemplation instead.
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1.Giorgio Agamben, Infancy and History – On the Destruction of Experience (Saemeulgyeul, 2010), pp. 51-52.
2 Jihyeon Im, Reading the Codes of Routine Fascism, Jihyeon Im et al, The Fascism Within Us, (Samin Publishing, 2000), p. 20.
3 Ibid, p. 29.
4. Luce Irigaray, The Way of Love (Dongmoonseon, 2009), p. 64.